Best Red Ice Wine

Red ice wine is a unique and delightful category that stands out for its sweet, concentrated flavors and rich aromas. It is made from grapes that have been frozen on the vine, leading to a luscious and intense wine that pairs beautifully with desserts or can be enjoyed on its own. Whether you are a seasoned wine enthusiast or someone looking to explore this exquisite type of wine, it’s essential to understand the key characteristics and options available in the market.

When selecting the best red ice wine, consider factors such as flavor profile, acidity, and how well it pairs with food. It’s also worth exploring wines from different regions, as each area offers distinct characteristics that enhance the overall tasting experience. In this guide, I will share my top picks, valuable insights, and essential buying tips to help you choose the perfect bottle of red ice wine for any occasion.

Top Picks

1
Roagna Barbaresco Albesani 2020 Wine
Best Overall
Roagna Barbaresco Albesani 2020 Wine
Elegant wine with rich aromas and history
9.8
Wine.com
2
Castello di Bossi Girolamo Wine 2022
Premium Performance
Castello di Bossi Girolamo Wine 2022
A luscious blend of rich flavors.
9.5
Wine.com
3
L'Ecole 41 Seven Hills Syrah 2022
High Performance
L'Ecole 41 Seven Hills Syrah 2022
Bold and balanced estate wine
9.3
Wine.com
4
Dalrymple Coal River Pinot Noir 2022
Best Value
Dalrymple Coal River Pinot Noir 2022
Deliciously complex flavor profile
9.1
Wine.com
5
Martin Ray Cabernet Sauvignon 2022
Most Reliable
Martin Ray Cabernet Sauvignon 2022
Rich and balanced full-bodied red
8.8
Wine.com
6
Catena Zapata Adrianna Vineyard Malbec 2022
Editor's Choice
Catena Zapata Adrianna Vineyard Malbec 2022
Exceptional flavors from unique terroir
8.6
Wine.com
7
Domaine Robert Chevillon 2022 Premier Cru
Domaine Robert Chevillon 2022 Premier Cru
Experience the essence of Nuits-Saint-Georges
8.4
Wine.com
8
Chateau Ripeau Tour de Ripeau 2016 Wine
Chateau Ripeau Tour de Ripeau 2016 Wine
Exceptional blend for wine enthusiasts
8.2
Wine.com
9
Bodegas Raul Perez Ultreia de Paluezas Wine
Bodegas Raul Perez Ultreia de Paluezas Wine
Unique blend from 80-year-old vines
8
Wine.com
10
Pierre Gelin Fixin 2022 Burgundy Wine
Pierre Gelin Fixin 2022 Burgundy Wine
Robust flavors with a unique character
7.8
Wine.com

Key Takeaways

Navigating the world of red ice wine can be both exciting and overwhelming. Here are the key points to keep in mind:

  • Look for wines made from frozen grapes for optimum sweetness and flavor concentration.
  • Consider the wine's acidity, which balances sweetness and enhances food pairing options.
  • Explore various regions to discover unique flavor profiles and characteristics.
  • Pay attention to vintage and aging potential for a deeper tasting experience.

How to Choose Best Red Ice Wine

When it comes to selecting the best red ice wine, several factors should guide your decision. Understanding these elements can enhance your tasting experience and ensure that you choose a wine that suits your palate and occasion. Here are the key criteria to consider:

Grape Variety

Different grape varietals contribute distinct flavors and aromas to red ice wines. Common varieties include Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Grenache. Each grape has its unique characteristics that can affect the sweetness, acidity, and overall profile of the wine.

  • Merlot typically offers soft, velvety textures and rich berry flavors.
  • Cabernet Sauvignon is known for its bold structure and dark fruit notes.
  • Grenache brings a spiciness and fruit-forward quality.

Region of Origin

The terroir, or the environment where the grapes are grown, plays a crucial role in the wine’s flavor. Explore wines from renowned regions known for ice wine production, such as Canada and Germany. Each region’s climate and soil impact the grape’s development.

  • Canadian ice wines often display a rich, syrupy sweetness.
  • German wines may have a crisp acidity that balances their sweetness.

Sweetness Level

Ice wines can range from slightly sweet to intensely sweet. Consider your preference and the type of dishes you’ll pair with the wine. Sweeter wines tend to complement desserts, while drier options may work well with savory dishes.

  • Look for labels indicating sweetness levels for better selection.
  • Consider how the sweetness interacts with food pairings.

Aging Potential

Some red ice wines improve with age, gaining complexity and depth. If you’re interested in cellaring your wine, look for options with robust structure for long-term aging. Research the specific wine’s aging potential before purchasing.

  • Wines with higher acidity and tannins typically age better.
  • Check reviews and expert opinions on specific vintages.

Food Pairing

Red ice wines are incredibly versatile when it comes to food pairings. They can complement a range of dishes from cheese platters to rich desserts. Think about what you plan to serve alongside the wine to ensure a harmonious experience.

  • Pair with blue cheese or chocolate desserts for a delightful combination.
  • Consider savory options like duck or pork to balance the sweetness.

Which Best Red Ice Wine Is Best for You?

Choosing the right red ice wine can depend on specific occasions or preferences. Here’s how to find the best option for your needs:

Best for Dessert Pairing

If you’re looking to pair your ice wine with dessert, opt for a sweeter style that enhances the dish without overpowering it. Look for wines with rich, fruity flavors.

  • Choose wines with high residual sugar for dessert pairings.
  • Consider options like Merlot-based ice wines for chocolate desserts.

Best for Savory Dishes

Some red ice wines can complement savory dishes beautifully. A balanced, slightly drier wine can enhance the meal without clashing with the flavors.

  • Select wines with a good acidity level for savory pairings.
  • Look for Cabernet Sauvignon ice wines to pair with meats.

Best for Special Occasions

For celebrations or special events, choose premium red ice wines with complexity and depth. These wines often provide a memorable experience for guests.

  • Select highly rated wines with excellent reviews.
  • Consider unique varietals for a distinctive tasting experience.

Best for Gifting

When gifting red ice wine, consider a well-known brand or a unique option that showcases quality. This thoughtful selection will impress the recipient.

  • Choose bottles from reputable producers known for excellence.
  • Packaging and presentation can enhance the gifting experience.

10 Best Red Ice Wine

Best Overall
1

Roagna Barbaresco Albesani 2020 Wine

Elegant wine with rich aromas and history
9.8/10
EXPERT SCORE
Enjoy the refined taste of Roagna Barbaresco Albesani 2020, crafted from historic vineyards with a mix of old and new vines. This wine offers a sophisticated bouquet complemented by earthy and floral notes, perfect for connoisseurs.

Pros

Elegant flavor profile with complex aromas
Historical significance from old vine plantings
Versatile pairing options with various cuisines
Showcases the unique terroir of the Barbaresco region

Cons

Availability may be limited due to its specific vintage
Higher price point may not suit all budgets

Overview

Enjoy the refined taste of Roagna Barbaresco Albesani 2020, crafted from historic vineyards with a mix of old and new vines.

This wine offers a sophisticated bouquet complemented by earthy and floral notes, perfect for connoisseurs.

Key Features of Roagna Barbaresco Albesani 2020

Crafted from a blend of old and newer vines for depth of flavor
Calcareous clay soils contribute to the wine's unique characteristics
Historically significant production from the renowned Barbaresco region

Practical considerations

When considering the Roagna Barbaresco Albesani 2020, it’s important to note that its availability can fluctuate due to demand for high-quality vintages.

This wine is best enjoyed on special occasions or as part of a curated tasting experience.

Real-world insight

In my experience, the Roagna Barbaresco Albesani 2020 makes a lasting impression when paired with rich dishes, such as braised meats or aged cheeses.

Its elegant profile not only enhances the meal but also invites conversation about its unique heritage.


Premium Performance
2

Castello di Bossi Girolamo Wine 2022

A luscious blend of rich flavors.
9.5/10
EXPERT SCORE
Experience deep ruby red wine with bold fruity aromas and hints of spice. Perfect for savoring with rich meals or enjoying on its own.

Pros

Rich and complex flavor profile that evolves with each sip.
Soft and silky texture enhances drinking experience.
Versatile pairing options with desserts and savory dishes.

Cons

Availability may be limited depending on the season.
Premium pricing may not suit all budgets.

Overview

Experience deep ruby red wine with bold fruity aromas and hints of spice.

Perfect for savoring with rich meals or enjoying on its own.

Notable Features of Castello di Bossi Girolamo 2022

Deep ruby red color with striking purple highlights.
Aroma profile includes black fruits, sweet spice, and vanilla.
Soft texture complemented by sweet, firm tannins.

Practical considerations

While this wine is a delightful addition to any collection, its premium nature and potential seasonal availability might require some planning to ensure you can purchase it when desired.

Real-world insight

In my experience, this wine pairs wonderfully with rich desserts or can elevate a fine dining experience, making it a perfect choice for special occasions or gift-giving.


High Performance
3

L'Ecole 41 Seven Hills Syrah 2022

Bold and balanced estate wine
9.3/10
EXPERT SCORE
This Syrah showcases rich flavors of dark fruit and savory notes, perfect for creating a memorable dining experience. Its silky finish and integrated aromas make it an exceptional choice for wine lovers.

Pros

Rich and complex flavor profile with a balance of fruit and savory notes.
Silky texture that enhances the drinking experience.
Finishes with beautifully integrated characteristics, making it enjoyable to sip.

Cons

The bold profile may not appeal to those who prefer lighter wines.
Limited availability as it is an estate wine.

Overview

This Syrah showcases rich flavors of dark fruit and savory notes, perfect for creating a memorable dining experience.

Its silky finish and integrated aromas make it an exceptional choice for wine lovers.

Key Features of L'Ecole 41 Seven Hills Vineyard Estate Syrah 2022

Bold and concentrated flavors that stand out in any wine collection.
Complex palate featuring layers of dark fruit and spice.
Elegant finish that showcases the craftsmanship of the vineyard.

Practical considerations

When considering the L’Ecole 41 Seven Hills Vineyard Estate Syrah 2022, it’s important to note that its bold flavor profile may not suit everyone’s palate, particularly those who lean towards lighter wines.

Additionally, availability may be limited, so securing a bottle promptly is advisable if you’re interested in trying it.

Real-world insight

As I reflect on my experience with this Syrah, I realize it’s a fantastic choice for special occasions or pairing with hearty dishes.

The complexity of flavors makes it a wine that can be appreciated over a leisurely dinner, where its nuances can truly shine.


Best Value
4

Dalrymple Coal River Pinot Noir 2022

Deliciously complex flavor profile
9.1/10
EXPERT SCORE
This Pinot Noir showcases a blend of blue fruits and spices, perfect for wine enthusiasts. Enjoy its complexity with a variety of dishes or on its own.

Pros

Complex flavor profile with layered aromas and tastes.
Long, satisfying finish that enhances the overall experience.
Versatile pairing options with various dishes.

Cons

Limited availability may make it hard to find.
Price point may be higher than some budget wines.

Overview

This Pinot Noir showcases a blend of blue fruits and spices, perfect for wine enthusiasts.

Enjoy its complexity with a variety of dishes or on its own.

Key Features of Dalrymple Coal River Pinot Noir 2022

Rich aromas including blue fruits, cola, and rhubarb.
Palate boasts fresh red fruits with hints of jasmine.
Long finish with notes of gingerbread and darker cherries.

Practical considerations

While this Pinot Noir is a delightful addition to any wine collection, its availability may vary, and it tends to be priced at a premium, which might not suit every budget.

It’s best to purchase from reputable merchants like wine.com to ensure authenticity.

Real-world insight

In my experience, the Dalrymple Coal River Pinot Noir pairs wonderfully with a range of dishes, from roasted meats to rich pasta, making it a versatile choice for both casual gatherings and formal dinners.


Most Reliable
5

Martin Ray Cabernet Sauvignon 2022

Rich and balanced full-bodied red
8.8/10
EXPERT SCORE
This Cabernet Sauvignon features lush flavors of cassis and boysenberry, with a luxurious leather finish. A perfect choice for wine enthusiasts seeking a bold yet refined experience.

Pros

Rich, full-bodied flavor profile with a balanced structure
Complex aromas including floral notes and leather
Indulgent hints of caramel and berry pie enhance the experience
Well-suited for pairing with rich dishes or enjoying solo

Cons

Price may be on the higher side for casual drinkers
Limited availability might make it hard to find
Requires proper aging to fully appreciate its depth

Overview

This Cabernet Sauvignon features lush flavors of cassis and boysenberry, with a luxurious leather finish.

A perfect choice for wine enthusiasts seeking a bold yet refined experience.

Key Features of Martin Ray Diamond Mountain Cabernet Sauvignon 2022

Lush fruit flavors: cassis, boysenberry, and mulberry create a vibrant taste
Elegant floral notes combined with a hint of leather for depth
Rich and decadent finish, ideal for savoring on its own or with food
Bold yet polished structure that enhances drinkability

Practical considerations

While the Martin Ray Diamond Mountain Cabernet Sauvignon 2022 is an exquisite choice for wine enthusiasts, its premium pricing and limited availability may deter those seeking a more accessible option for everyday enjoyment.

I recommend exploring local wine shops or reputable online merchants to secure a bottle.

Real-world insight

In my experience, this Cabernet Sauvignon is best enjoyed when paired with hearty dishes like grilled meats or rich pasta.

Its complexity not only complements these flavors but also elevates the dining experience, making it a worthy addition to any fine wine collection.


Editor's Choice
6

Catena Zapata Adrianna Vineyard Malbec 2022

Exceptional flavors from unique terroir
8.6/10
EXPERT SCORE
Savor the luxurious taste of this aromatic Malbec, perfect for both immediate and long-term aging. With its floral notes and smooth finish, it stands out as a sophisticated choice for wine lovers.

Pros

Rich and aromatic flavor profile, thanks to unique terroir.
Smooth tannins provide a luxurious mouthfeel.
Versatile for both immediate enjoyment and long-term aging.

Cons

Limited availability may make it hard to find.
Higher price point compared to standard Malbec wines.

Overview

Savor the luxurious taste of this aromatic Malbec, perfect for both immediate and long-term aging.

With its floral notes and smooth finish, it stands out as a sophisticated choice for wine lovers.

Key Features of Catena Zapata Adrianna Vineyard River Malbec 2022

Floral and exuberant aromas that enhance the tasting experience.
Smooth tannins contributing to a refined and elegant taste.
Potential to age for decades, evolving in complexity over time.

Practical considerations

When considering the Catena Zapata Adrianna Vineyard River Malbec 2022, it’s important to note its higher price point and potential scarcity.

This wine is best suited for special occasions or as a collectible for those who appreciate fine wines.

Real-world insight

In my experience, the Catena Zapata Adrianna Vineyard River Malbec 2022 stands out not just for its flavor, but also for its ability to evolve over time, making it a worthy investment for any wine enthusiast looking to enhance their collection.


7

Domaine Robert Chevillon 2022 Premier Cru

Experience the essence of Nuits-Saint-Georges
8.4/10
EXPERT SCORE
This wine showcases lively fruitiness and a rich structure, harmonizing dark raspberry notes with fine licorice. Ideal for connoisseurs seeking quality and depth in every sip.

Pros

Distinctive flavors of dark raspberry and licorice enhance the tasting experience.
Well-structured with a refreshing and austere finish.
Visually striking with its rich imperial purple color.

Cons

Limited availability may make it hard to find.
The complexity may not appeal to those who prefer sweeter wines.

Overview

This wine showcases lively fruitiness and a rich structure, harmonizing dark raspberry notes with fine licorice.

Ideal for connoisseurs seeking quality and depth in every sip.

Key Features of Domaine Robert Chevillon Nuits-Saint-Georges Les Roncieres Premier Cru 2022

Lively fruitiness combined with a fine licorice aroma.
Austere note that adds depth to the wine's profile.
Linear structure that evokes both harshness and freshness.

Practical considerations

This wine is best suited for those who appreciate complex flavor profiles and are open to exploring less conventional red wines.

Given its unique characteristics, it may not be ideal for casual drinkers looking for straightforward sweetness.

Real-world insight

In my experience, the Domaine Robert Chevillon Nuits-Saint-Georges Les Roncieres Premier Cru 2022 pairs exceptionally well with rich dishes, making it a perfect choice for special occasions or fine dining experiences.


8

Chateau Ripeau Tour de Ripeau 2016 Wine

Exceptional blend for wine enthusiasts
8.2/10
EXPERT SCORE
Experience the exquisite flavors of the 2016 vintage in this blend of Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Cabernet Franc. Perfect for those looking to explore a rising estate in Bordeaux.

Pros

Well-balanced blend of Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Cabernet Franc.
Great introduction to the 2016 vintage and the estate's offerings.
Potential for aging, allowing me to explore its development over time.

Cons

Limited availability may make it difficult to find.
Price information is currently not available, which can be a concern for budgeting.

Overview

Experience the exquisite flavors of the 2016 vintage in this blend of Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Cabernet Franc.

Perfect for those looking to explore a rising estate in Bordeaux.

Key Features of Chateau Ripeau Tour de Ripeau 2016

Aged for a period that enhances flavor complexity.
Rich fruit notes with a smooth finish, making it versatile for food pairings.
Emerging estate with a reputation for quality, promising future value.

Practical considerations

When considering the Chateau Ripeau Tour de Ripeau 2016, it’s essential to note that while it presents an excellent opportunity to experience a quality blend, its limited availability could pose a challenge for purchase, particularly if I’m looking to stock up.

Real-world insight

As I explore the Chateau Ripeau Tour de Ripeau 2016, I find that its balance and flavor profile make it an ideal choice for both casual gatherings and more formal occasions, offering versatility that enhances my wine experience.


9

Bodegas Raul Perez Ultreia de Paluezas Wine

Unique blend from 80-year-old vines
8/10
EXPERT SCORE
This exquisite wine combines Mencía and Garnacha Tintorera, showcasing the terroir of Bierzo. Its complex profile offers a rich drinking experience, perfect for any occasion.

Pros

Unique blend of rare grape varieties adds complexity.
Sourced from old vines, enhancing character and flavor.
Whole-cluster fermentation contributes to a rich taste profile.

Cons

Limited availability may make it hard to find.
Higher price point compared to standard red wines.

Overview

This exquisite wine combines Mencía and Garnacha Tintorera, showcasing the terroir of Bierzo.

Its complex profile offers a rich drinking experience, perfect for any occasion.

Key Features of Bodegas Raul Perez Ultreia de Paluezas 2022

80-year-old vines provide depth and richness.
Limestone terroir imparts unique mineral notes.
Crafted through whole-cluster fermentation for enhanced complexity.

Practical considerations

When considering the purchase of this wine, keep in mind that its limited availability may pose a challenge.

Additionally, its higher price reflects its quality and rarity, making it a special occasion choice rather than an everyday wine.

Real-world insight

In my experience, the Bodegas Raul Perez Ultreia de Paluezas 2022 is perfect for those moments when I want to impress guests or celebrate a special occasion.

Its intricate flavors and unique composition are sure to spark conversation and admiration.


10

Pierre Gelin Fixin 2022 Burgundy Wine

Robust flavors with a unique character
7.8/10
EXPERT SCORE
This wine showcases the rich, tannic profile typical of Fixin wines, perfect for red wine enthusiasts. Ideal for pairing with hearty dishes or aging gracefully in your cellar.

Pros

Robust flavor profile with a complex character.
Unique terroir influences that enhance depth.
Ideal for pairing with hearty dishes.

Cons

May not appeal to those who prefer lighter wines.
Tannins can be strong, requiring some aging.

Overview

This wine showcases the rich, tannic profile typical of Fixin wines, perfect for red wine enthusiasts.

Ideal for pairing with hearty dishes or aging gracefully in your cellar.

Key Features of Pierre Gelin Fixin 2022

Rich tannins that provide structure and longevity.
Flavors influenced by the unique limestone and clay soils.
Versatile pairing options with meat-based dishes.

Practical considerations

When considering the Pierre Gelin Fixin 2022, it’s important to note that its robust tannins and bold flavors may not be suitable for all palates.

This wine is best enjoyed by those who appreciate full-bodied reds and can benefit from some aging to soften the tannins.

Real-world insight

In my experience, the Pierre Gelin Fixin 2022 is a fantastic choice for special occasions, particularly when serving rich, savory dishes.

Its complexity can elevate a meal, making it a memorable addition to any gathering.

Useful Terms to Know

Understanding certain terms in the realm of red ice wine can enhance your appreciation and selection process. Here are some useful terms to know:

Terroir
The unique environmental factors, including climate and soil, that influence the characteristics of the wine.
Residual Sugar
The amount of sugar remaining in the wine after fermentation, which contributes to its sweetness.
Ice Wine
A type of dessert wine produced from grapes that have been frozen while still on the vine.
Aging Potential
The ability of a wine to improve in flavor and complexity over time when properly stored.

What Should You Expect to Spend?

The cost of red ice wine can vary significantly based on several factors, including the grape variety, region, and producer. Understanding these price ranges can help you budget accordingly.

Budget Options

Typically, budget-friendly red ice wines start around $20 to $40. These wines may not have the same complexity but can still be enjoyable for casual sipping or pairing with everyday meals.

  • Look for lesser-known producers for affordable selections.
  • Consider purchasing in bulk for better deals.

Mid-Range Selections

Mid-range red ice wines usually fall within the $40 to $100 range. These wines often offer a more refined experience with better quality and flavor complexity.

  • Explore regional varieties for unique tasting experiences.
  • Mid-range options can be perfect for special occasions.

Premium Choices

Premium red ice wines can range from $100 to over $300, often resulting from meticulous production methods and exceptional grape quality. These wines are ideal for collectors or significant celebrations.

  • Invest in highly rated selections for aging potential.
  • Consider wines from renowned regions or vineyards for the best quality.

Brands Worth Considering

When considering which brands to explore for red ice wine, certain producers stand out for their quality and consistency. Here are a few notable brands worth considering:

Inniskillin

A pioneer in the ice wine category, known for their high-quality dessert wines.

  • Famous for their Vidal and Riesling ice wines.
  • Offers a range of options for different palates.

Peller Estates

Recognized for crafting award-winning ice wines with rich flavors.

  • Known for their balanced sweetness and acidity.
  • Offers engaging tasting experiences.

Chateau Ste. Michelle

A respected producer with a reputation for excellence in wine making.

  • Offers a range of varietals, including ice wine.
  • Focuses on sustainability and quality.

Tokaj

A traditional wine region known for its sweet wines including ice wine varieties.

  • Offers unique flavors influenced by the local terroir.
  • Ideal for those seeking something distinctive.

FAQs

What is red ice wine?

Red ice wine is a dessert wine produced from grapes that have been frozen while still on the vine, resulting in a sweet and concentrated flavor.

How should I serve red ice wine?

Red ice wine is best served chilled, typically around 45-50°F, and can be enjoyed on its own or paired with desserts and savory dishes.

Can red ice wine be aged?

Yes, some red ice wines have good aging potential, improving in complexity and depth over time when stored properly.

What foods pair well with red ice wine?

Red ice wine pairs well with desserts like chocolate, as well as savory dishes such as duck or pork.

Is all ice wine sweet?

Yes, ice wine is known for its sweetness due to the concentrated sugars from the frozen grapes.

What grapes are commonly used for red ice wine?

Common grapes for red ice wine include Merlot, Cabernet Sauvignon, and Grenache.

How is ice wine different from regular wine?

Ice wine is produced from grapes that have frozen on the vine, leading to a higher concentration of sugar and flavors compared to regular wine.

Can I use red ice wine in cocktails?

Yes, red ice wine can be used in cocktails, adding a sweet and fruity element to mixed drinks.

What should I look for on the label of ice wine?

Look for the grape variety, region of production, and sweetness level on the label to better understand the wine’s profile.

How long does red ice wine last once opened?

Once opened, red ice wine can last for about 5 to 7 days when stored in the refrigerator.

Final Thoughts

Roagna Barbaresco Albesani 2020 is an exceptional choice for its elegant flavor and versatility. Castello di Bossi Girolamo Wine 2022 offers premium performance with a rich flavor profile. For those on a budget, Dalrymple Coal River Pinot Noir 2022 provides excellent value without compromising quality.

Overall, Roagna Barbaresco Albesani 2020 stands out as the best overall red ice wine, offering a refined experience for connoisseurs. For those seeking unique flavors or specific use cases, the other selections also provide excellent options.

Chuck Furuya
Chuck Furuya

In late 1980’s Chuck Furuya became one of the first in the United States to pass the rigorous Master Sommelier examination. It was his passion to fully excel at wine service and education, leading him on the path to certification as a Master Sommelier. Educating people about wine and discovering new talent is what brings him the most satisfaction. “I love finding new wines, especially great values. I love pairing wines with foods. But most of all I love teaching.”

Chuck Furuya Uncorked
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